Why Does E=mc2?: (And Why Should We Care?) | Brian Cox, Jeff Forshaw

Why Does E=mc2?: (And Why Should We Care?) | Brian Cox, Jeff Forshaw | Great read

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	Why Does E=mc2?: (And Why Should We Care?) Brian Cox, Jeff Forshaw Da Capo Press, 2009 - 264 pages average customer review:based on 26 reviews view larger image
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The most accessible, entertaining, and enlightening explanation of the best-known physics equation in the world, as rendered by two of today?s leading scientists.

Professor Brian Cox and Professor Jeff Forshaw go on a journey to the frontier of 21st century science to consider the real meaning behind the iconic sequence of symbols that make up Einstein?s most famous equation, E=mc2. Breaking down the symbols themselves, they pose a series of questions: What is energy? What is mass? What has the speed of light got to do with energy and mass? In answering these questions, they take us to the site of one of the largest scientific experiments ever conducted. Lying beneath the city of Geneva, straddling the Franco-Swiss boarder, is a 27 km particle accelerator, known as the Large Hadron Collider. Using this gigantic machine?which can recreate conditions in the early Universe fractions of a second after the Big Bang?Cox and Forshaw will describe the current theory behind the origin of mass.

Alongside questions of energy and mass, they will consider the third, and perhaps, most intriguing element of the equation: 'c' - or the speed of light. Why is it that the speed of light is the exchange rate? Answering this question is at the heart of the investigation as the authors demonstrate how, in order to truly understand why E=mc2, we first must understand why we must move forward in time and not backwards and how objects in our 3-dimensional world actually move in 4-dimensional space-time. In other words, how the very fabric of our world is constructed. A collaboration between two of the youngest professors in the UK, Why Does E=mc2? promises to be one of the most exciting and accessible explanations of the theory of relativity in recent years.

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Weak Boson Fusion or Gluon Fusion to form the Higgs Boson and validate the Standard Model or prove its flaw

Special Relativity:

Energy is conserved, "you can increase energy here, but you will have to lower it there". Raw mass provides a potential source of energy. Energy can be in the form of mass or kinetic energy. E = mc^2 + 1/2 mv^2 suggests that 1/2 mv^2 is the kinetic energy of the moving mass. Energy, mass, and momentum combine into a single spacetime boject. Space and time can not be thought of as separate entities.

At Brookhaven on a 14 meter ring a muon should make 15 laps, but in reality it completed 400 laps, a factor of 29, or 60 microseconds.

Solving of lamba

lamba= 1 / sqrt(1 - (v/c)^2) = 1 / sqrt(1-(.9994)^2) = 28.87 or 29

The prediction is that the muon should live 29 times longer than a muon that is still because of its kinetic energy and speed.

Higgs Boson:

The Large Electron Positron Collider (LEP) managed to make over 20 million Z particles through electron/positron collision. Z particles are not stable and last 10 pow -25 seconds before dying. Z particles sometimes decay to produce an electron and positron pair and other times a quark and anti-quark pair and sometimes a muon and anti-muon pair.

Gauge symmetry lies at the heart of the standard model. Gauge symmetry requires that the standard model be massless. Abandoning gauge symmetry is not an option. The explanation of mass must be a Higgs field that surrounds all space and a Higgs mechanism where particles interacting with the field are given mass. Photons acquire no mass. The Higgs mechanism interacts with quarks and leptons but not photons. The Higgs field has a particle called the Higgs boson. The Higgs field is not zero, it is always present around space. Gluons have no mass and are not affected by the Higgs field. The Higgs particles mass should lie within the range of the know masses of the W particle and the top quark. The Large Hadron Collider is expected to have enough energy to create the Higgs Boson.

Protons are accelerated and kinetic energy transferred giving the protons 7,000 times their mass. Proton is two up quarks and one down. The Higg particle can interact with two top quarks or with two heavy W and Z particles. The two protons collide and emit a W or Z particle and these two particles fuse together to form a Higgs particle. The process is called weak boson fusion.

Top quarks do not exist inside of a proton. Top quarks interact with lighter quarks through the strong force mediated by emitting and absorbing gluons. Two protons smash and emit two gluons that combine to form a top quark that produces a Higgs boson. This is called Top quark production or gluon fusion

How do W and Z particles help make the Standard Equation work? Photons have no mass and the Higgs Field/Mechanism does not interact with the photon. W and Z bosons are a part of the Standard equation and represent the Weak Nuclear Force. W represents the positive and negative force and Z represents the neural force
W and Z.

Why don't Photons have mass? Photons are energy or a wave and can not interact with the Higgs field. Photons interact with charged fields.

What I want

1. I would like to see the Higgs boson form
2. I would like to read another book by Brian Cox explaining the results of the Higgs boson experiment

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Great read

Great read. Hopefully you guys do another one about the larger standard model equation toward the end of the book. Maybe after they fire off the LHC into Brian's large toy Atlas if they ever turn that bad boy on.

Sheds a little more light on a subject that is still incoherent

For someone who never found the light clocks and shrinking meter sticks of the standard attempts to explain relativity without math very comprehensible, this book does a better job of presenting more intuitive models for nonintuitive concepts. You have to accept that Einstein's theories, which flow naturally out of the existence of a universal speed limit, have been experimentally validated: the muon that should decay in 2.2 milliseconds actually does take 29 times more seconds to "die" when it is accelerated to almost the universal speed limit. In other words, from the standpoint of an observer at rest with respect to the muon, the muon lives longer as it gets closer to the speed limit. The authors tell you to imagine a spacetime world where speed and time, added together, are conserved. So as you use up more of your velocity vector, you use up less time, so your time slows down from the standpoint of an observer. A photon, which is going at the universal speed limit, apparently does not age. While the layperson can "get" this concept, since it is not that dissimilar to Newtonian concepts, when you sit back and think about it, it unfortunately still makes no sense, and your rational brain keeps saying, "there must be some other explanation for this." The authors say that from the standpoint of the muon, which still thinks it is living 2.2 milliseconds, the space that it's traversing must shrink. At other points they tell us the muon itself is shrinking at high speeds. Are both of these true? Is the natural consequence of this that all photons are everywhere at once -- is all of space just a point to a photon? If photons have no mass then why do massive objects, like black holes, have an effect on them? The authors wait until the last few pages to disclose that the standard model, which the book is based on, only works as is in a world where nothing has mass, and that to connect the model to the real world, scientists must find a Higgs boson particle that mediates the relationship between the field that supposedly exists all around us and everything that is in it. Without that field and the Higgs boson, there is no explanation within the current model for mass. In other words, our entire understanding of the world of quantum mechanics and relativity may soon turn out to be based on mistaken assumptions. The definitive book for the layperson on this subject has yet to be written, but in the meantime, this is a good place to start.

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Targets too wide an audience

Throughout the book the author apologizes lengthily for boring the reader who is skilled at math, AND to the reader who is not skilled. Appropriate, since on one page of the book you can find the explanation that "2 squared = 4, 10 squared = 100...", while on another page you can find the equation for the Standard Model! I enjoy physics books for the non-scientist (such as by Brian Greene, Michio Kaku) even though they were often over my head, but this book is half under and half over, making it of less value.

reviews: page 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

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